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Charting the path to net-zero for businesses

Net-zero means that a business has reduced the greenhouse gas emissions from its operations and value chain by 90%. This is in line with climate science, limiting global warming to 1.5°C. Any remaining unavoidable emissions (up to 10% of overall company emissions against the base year) are then mitigated by funding carbon removal projects. So, what’s the best way to get there?

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In recent years, net-zero has become a buzzword sweeping through corporate boardrooms, governments, and water cooler conversations. Businesses increasingly want to be part of the solution and take climate action, with net-zero representing the ultimate goal. It’s become a beacon of hope for mitigating the worst impacts of climate change. However, net-zero is also one of the most widely misused terms in the climate space, often used interchangeably with “carbon neutral”, and bolted onto ambitious corporate targets with arbitrary dates and no supporting evidence. 
Much of the confusion stems from the fact that, until recently, there was no universally accepted definition of the term. While carbon neutrality and net-zero are both rooted in balancing human-induced (anthropogenic) emissions, the paths to achieving them are very different. You can check out our<a href="https://ecologi.com/articles/blog/carbon-neutral-vs-net-zero-whats-the-difference" target="_blank" rel="noopener"> blog with more detail on the differences between carbon-neutral and net-zero</a>, and hear why at Ecologi we recommend following a net-zero pathway, and not a carbon neutral one.

Clearing up the confusion with the SBTi Net-Zero Standard

Fortunately, the <a href="https://sciencebasedtargets.org/net-zero" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi)</a> has stepped up to clear the confusion in recent years, by publishing the <a href="https://sciencebasedtargets.org/resources/files/Net-Zero-Standard.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SBTi Net-Zero Standard</a>. In doing so, the SBTi has provided a clear definition of net-zero and shown how businesses can achieve it. 
With a robust framework grounded in climate science, business leaders can now confidently set emissions reduction targets in line with the Paris Agreement and take the climate action necessary to limit global temperature rise to 1.5°C.
Under the <a href="https://sciencebasedtargets.org/resources/files/Net-Zero-Standard.pdf">SBTi Net-Zero Standard</a>, corporate net-zero is defined as: 
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Reducing scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions to zero or to a residual level that is consistent with reaching net-zero emissions at the global or sector level in eligible 1.5°C-aligned pathways </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1"> Neutralising any residual emissions at the net-zero target year and any GHG emissions released into the atmosphere thereafter.</li>
</ul>

The process of getting to net-zero for businesses consists of four key elements:
&nbsp;
<ol>
<li>Near-Term Science-Based Targets &#8211; not interchangeable with long-term targets, near-term targets galvanise action and initiate change to make sure that businesses can achieve rapid and significant reductions in emissions (<a href="https://sciencebasedtargets.org/resources/files/Net-Zero-Standard.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">typically 4.2% p.a</a>*) by 2030, in line with climate science.</li>
<li>Long-Term Science-Based Targets &#8211; determine how much a company must reduce their value chain emissions to align with limiting warming to 1.5°C. A company cannot claim to be net-zero until the long-term science-based target has been reached (90% reduction in emissions*). The deadline for long-term targets is 2050, but more ambitious companies are striving to reach net-zero before this.</li>
<li>Beyond Value Chain Mitigation &#8211; The SBTi encourages companies to take action and fund projects with climate benefits beyond their value chain. This will help to mitigate GHG emissions and lead to additional benefits for people and the planet in support of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. Beyond value chain mitigation should supplement, rather than replace, a comprehensive decarbonisation strategy &#8211; and it can include, for example, funding carbon avoidance or removal projects, nature restoration schemes, research and development, new technologies, and supporting environmental legal defence (amongst others). As a result of funding carbon removal or avoidance projects, a company may become &#8216;carbon neutral&#8217;. However, this is not the end goal, and emissions reduction should be prioritised.</li>
<li>Neutralisation &#8211; The SBTi acknowledges that it may not be feasible for some industries to achieve zero emissions and decarbonise 100% of the value chain. As a result, once long-term decarbonisation targets have been reached, companies must use carbon removals to neutralise unavoidable emissions (which must not exceed 10% of overall company emissions against the base year).   </li>
</ol>
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* Targets and required reduction varies across industries. Please refer to the SBTi Net-Zero standard for clarification.

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Now you know what net-zero means, it’s time to put the theory into action Here’s a six-stage pathway to reaching corporate net-zero. While it may seem linear, the process is circular and dynamic. You will need to revisit each stage a number of times before achieving long-term science-based targets and becoming certified as net-zero. That’s all part of the journey.
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<ol>
<li>Commit &#8211; There must be an acknowledgement that your business can be part of the solution and needs to change. Net-zero doesn’t happen overnight, it’s a transition that needs a long-term commitment. It requires systematic processes and structural changes across the entire value chain. So the relevant internal stakeholders need to understand the reasons for change and buy into the process.</li>
<li>Calculate &#8211; Calculation is key to understanding your starting point, identifying emission hotspots in your value chain and seeing the greatest opportunities for reduction. This stage is repeated throughout your journey to net-zero (typically on an annual basis) to measure performance against your targets and the impact of your reduction strategies.</li>
<li>Strategy and Target Setting &#8211; Once you’ve measured your emissions and established a starting point, you can begin to analyse your footprint and identify a suitable transition strategy to decarbonise your operations. Strategy and target setting should be done in unison. There is little point in setting targets if you don’t know how to achieve them.  Every business is unique, and what may be a suitable target for one business may be unrealistic for another. By developing a strategy alongside targets, you can assess their feasibility. Likewise, science-based targets complement strategy as they guide your level of ambition, hold you accountable and provide a measurable indicator of success.</li>
<li>Reduce and Engage &#8211; Once a strategy has been established, it is essential to start implementing the plan by following a logical and achievable set of steps. This is not an overnight process and must also align with your business environment to be economically sustainable. Working with your supply chain is essential, as for many businesses up to 90% of emissions can come from the  value chain. While this makes things more challenging, there are steps that you can take to support sustainable procurement and reduce your indirect emissions. *We intend to run further workshops and provide tools to support you in achieving this.</li>
<li>Remove &#8211; The penultimate stage of net-zero occurs after significant reduction has been achieved, and it’s the removal of unavoidable emissions through buying and retiring carbon removal credits. Under the SBTI Net-Zero Standard, only up to 10% of your overall emissions against the base year can be removed in this way. You can only become certified as net-zero if using carbon removal credits as opposed to avoidance credits. You may, however, use carbon avoidance credits throughout your journey to becoming net-zero, to offset your emissions while implementing emissions reductions to achieve carbon neutrality. It should be emphasised that carbon neutrality is a stepping stone to net-zero and is a supplementary action to mitigate the effects of your current emissions. Net-zero should remain your long-term goal.</li>
<li>Certify &#8211; Once you’ve taken action to reduce your emissions and potentially become carbon neutral, you will return to the calculation stage to assess the difference your changes have made, then re-evaluate your strategy and next steps. You will likely have to go through this cycle a number of times before you have achieved the required level of emissions reductions and transitioned to a state of net-zero. Then it’s time to really celebrate, as you can be certified as net-zero under the SBTi.</li>
</ol>
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Crucially, whilst undertaking their net-zero journey businesses need to begin to prioritise people and planet, rather than just profit. This pathway, and the knowledge it requires may seem daunting. But we’ve been working hard behind the scenes to simplify the process by developing our very own carbon accounting tool. Ecologi Zero has been designed to remove the barriers that prevent small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) from starting their net-zero journey.
Ecologi Zero lets you calculate and analyse your footprint for free, using simple interactive dashboards. We also plan to introduce new features in the coming months, to support you through strategy development, target-setting and emissions reduction. Plus, you’ll soon also be able to support beyond value chain mitigation and carbon avoidance projects through Ecologi’s Impact Shop. 
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<a href="https://ecologi.com/business/zero" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find out more about Ecologi Zero and start your net-zero journey</a>

Ready to make a difference for our planet? Get in touch, and let’s chat about how we can help you on your climate journey. 

Don't wait for politicians, your company can lead the way to net-zero

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Don’t wait for politicians, your company can lead the way to net-zero

<h2>With the cumbersome movement of climate policy, innovative companies must drive change on our route to net-zero.</h2>
 
COP28 is on the way, starting in Dubai at the end of November. It’s fair to say that, given <a href="https://ecologi.com/articles/blog/whats-happening-at-cop27" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the disappointments of last year’s COP</a>, and the fact that this year’s COP President is <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-65708328" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CEO of one of the world’s largest oil companies</a>, expectations are low that international governments will produce positive change which matches the scale and urgency of the climate crisis.
These past few years, the COPs have demonstrated that international policy can be a slow, almost agonising process &#8211; with tense last-minute negotiations, and <a href="https://ecologi.com/articles/blog/cop26-what-happens-now" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the watering down of already-weak pledges</a> and commitments. 
As we look to the COPs, though, it is clear that there are stakeholders elsewhere who are better placed to drive expansive and rapid change in the decarbonisation of our global economy: businesses.

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<h2>Businesses are set-up to innovate &#8211; but are they doing enough? 
</h2>
Why businesses? Well, we can start by asking ourselves which organisations have the power to facilitate change on a scale that in some cases may exceed many states. <a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Apple&#8217;s market capitalisation exceeds Italy&#8217;s GDP</a>, <a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Microsoft&#8217;s surpasses Brazil&#8217;s</a>, and <a href="https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Meta&#8217;s dwarfs that of Saudi Arabia</a>. With this much influence and access to finance, these private companies have a huge amount of control over the direction of our global net-zero efforts.
Large corporations understand the way the wind is blowing. According to Accenture, around <a href="https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/sustainability/reaching-net-zero-by-2050" target="_blank" rel="noopener">a third of the world’s top 2,000 public and private companies </a>have made net-zero commitments. However, according to the same research, around <a href="https://www.accenture.com/us-en/insights/sustainability/reaching-net-zero-by-2050" target="_blank" rel="noopener">93% of them will fall short of these net-zero targets unless they accelerate their efforts</a>.
Why is this? Well, for major corporations, climate ambitions are often perceived as optional corporate social responsibility (CSR) gestures, lacking the rigour and accountability expected of political leaders and international climate governance. This means that whilst businesses are well-placed to take action, often they aren’t yet going far enough.

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<h2>Taking climate action makes business sense 
</h2>
It’s easy to assume that taking climate action as a business is going to be a huge time and resource sink. And it’s true that the journey to net-zero for most businesses is going to be a long-term challenge &#8211; it’s definitely no walk in the park.
But for many businesses, embracing net-zero presents a significant opportunity. Younger generations &#8211; Generation X, Millennials and Generation Z &#8211; want to see companies taking action, with over <a href="https://www.nielsen.com/us/en/insights/article/2018/global-consumers-seek-companies-that-care-about-environmental-issues/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">80% of consumers from these groups reporting that companies should implement environmental improvement programs</a>. Global investment in sustainability <a href="https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/sustainability-green-companies-business-partnership/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">has surpassed $30 trillion</a>, demonstrating that as well as individuals, corporate investment initiatives are prioritising the greening of our economy.
Fossil fuel prices are expected to rise steadily, while <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/levelized-cost-of-energy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">renewable energy costs continue to plummet</a>. For corporations, transitioning to a fossil-free supply chain is a prudent strategy for future-proofing their operations &#8211; both in terms of costs and in terms of energy security.

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<h2>Corporate leadership during and after COP28</h2>
In contrast to the cumbersome movement of international climate policy, the private sector is often associated with innovation, expertise, and agility. It&#8217;s time for businesses to lead the way, proactively driving the green transition rather than waiting to be nudged by governments.
Companies, as much as countries, are stewards of our planet. Those with influence, finance and power have a responsibility to protect our collective home. Therefore, 2023 must be the year when businesses step up and take the lead in the global effort to combat climate change.

<a href="https://ethy.co.uk/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ethy</a>
 
<a href="https://ecologi.com/ethy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ethy</a> makes it easy and affordable for brands to communicate verified sustainability achievements against transparent standards.
 
They are a Climate Action Workforce subscriber with Ecologi and are aiming to be net-zero by 2025. They are also a part of Stripe Climate &#8211; a coalition of businesses accelerating carbon removal by contributing a portion of their revenue to carbon removal technologies.
 
How do you think the private sector can lead in the journey to net-zero?
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In the UK, businesses are increasingly adopting ambitious carbon reduction and net-zero strategies.When the private sector demonstrates successful implementation of sustainable practices, it also signals to policymakers that there’s viable markets for these initiatives. This, in turn, incentivises the government to introduce policies that support these practices.
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What are your plans for COP28?
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Ahead of COP28, we have developed several important new standards in our sustainability framework to guide our business clients on their net-zero journey, including Carbon Measured, Carbon Reduction Targets, and Net Zero Committed. We aim to highlight these crucial practices and showcase our collaborative efforts with organisations like Ecologi that can support our clients in reaching them.

Ecologi businesses that are taking action during COP28

<h2> 
Take action today and speak to our team</h2>
If you&#8217;re a business ready to embrace this crucial responsibility and take a substantial stride towards achieving Net Zero, we invite you to take action today. Complete the form below to speak to our team about how Ecologi and our partners can provide comprehensive carbon footprinting solutions and dedicated support on your journey to reducing emissions.
If you’re a business with less than 100 employees explore our carbon footprinting tool, <a href="https://ecologi.com/business/zero" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Ecologi Zero</a>, designed specifically for UK-based SMEs looking to measure and reduce their carbon footprint.

Speak to our team. We're here to help find your perfect climate solution.

Go above and beyond during your net-zero journey: Explaining Beyond Value Chain Mitigation

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Explaining Beyond Value Chain Mitigation

Beyond value chain mitigation &#8211; what is it? Why should your business do it? How should your business do it?
Science is clear that minimising global warming requires substantial emissions reductions globally, if we are to limit the global temperature increase to below 2°C, and as close as possible to 1.5°C.
Simply offsetting your business emissions is an outdated and ineffective way of thinking about sustainability &#8211; as we set out in our previous article, <a href="https://ecologi.com/articles/blog/carbon-offsetting" target="_blank" rel="noopener">The way we think about carbon offsetting is all wrong</a>. If all the businesses in the world kept doing what they were doing, but offset their emissions, then we would not solve climate change.
So, for businesses to align with the science of climate change, making direct emissions reductions must be the number one priority.
However, whilst working towards those emissions reductions, businesses can (and must) fund high-quality climate‌ action around the world, at the same time &#8211; and this is where Beyond Value Chain mitigation comes in. 
But what does that actually mean? Where does the term come from, and where does it fit within your business’s net zero journey?
<h2>What is Beyond Value Chain Mitigation?</h2>
Beyond value chain mitigation, or BVCM, is a key concept in the <a href="https://sciencebasedtargets.org/resources/files/Net-Zero-Standard.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SBTi’s Corporate Net-Zero Standard</a>, which is the leading net-zero framework for businesses.
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">‘Beyond’ refers to actions a business can take outside of its value chain</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">‘Value chain’ is the system of operations, suppliers and activities that generate business emissions</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">‘Mitigation’ refers to solutions which reduce the impact of climate change.</li>
</ul>
Don’t be put off by the scientific terminology. It just means funding climate action around the world, whilst reducing your business emissions on your journey to net-zero.

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Funding climate action allows businesses to focus on making an instant impact today that contributes positively on a global and societal level, instead of  simply trying to offset their  carbon emissions. Whilst the main priority, direct emissions reductions will take some time, so all businesses can and should start funding climate action (BVCM) today.
<h2>Why should businesses invest in BVCM?</h2>
There are two main vectors for why your business should invest in BVCM: for your business, and for our planet.
<h3>For your business</h3>
As well as your business’s philanthropic values, there is ever-increasing pressure from within and around businesses to take serious action on climate. Your business will want to meet climate targets, attract and retain top talent, make credible green claims about your products and services, and gain a competitive edge &#8211; and each of these is boosted if your business can evidence your contributions to impactful global climate action.
Stakeholders all around your business &#8211; from customers, to employees, to potential investors &#8211; all want to see your business give back to the planet. And BVCM is your business’s vehicle for doing so.
<h3>For our planet</h3>
On a global level, there is still a huge gap between where we are today, and where we need to be. Emissions are still rising, and we are continuing to deplete nature’s precious resources at an alarming rate. At present, globally, humanity is using nature<a href="https://www.overshootday.org/how-many-earths-or-countries-do-we-need/#:~:text=Humanity%20is%20using%20nature%201.7,the%20resources%20of%201.7%20Earths." target="_blank" rel="noopener"> 1.7 times faster</a> than our planet’s biocapacity can regenerate. That’s equivalent to using the resources of 1.7 Earths each year. The UK specifically is using 2.6 more of the natural resources than it should. In addition, we are <a href="https://www.stockholmresilience.org/research/planetary-boundaries.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">overshooting planetary boundaries</a>, and our <a href="https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-what-the-new-ipcc-report-says-about-when-world-may-pass-1-5c-and-2c/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">remaining carbon budget</a> is dwindling. 
Alongside taking accountability for your business’s direct emissions reductions, BVCM supports your business to make a positive contribution out there in the world &#8211; to support global efforts toward net-zero, and to the restoration of nature.

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<h2>How should your business approach BVCM?</h2>

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<h3>Tonne-for-tonne</h3>
The simplest approach is the tonne-for-tonne approach. This is similar (though not quite the same!) as offsetting or becoming carbon neutral. 
This means that your business buys and retires carbon credits to match 100% of your company’s emissions. If you produce 100 tonnes of emissions, you’ll buy 100 carbon credits. The size of your emissions is used to benchmark the size of your contribution to climate action.

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<h3>Dollar-for-tonne</h3>
The dollar-for-tonne approach allows you to set a carbon price within your business. For example, you could say that you will fund climate impact of, say, £75, or $100, per tonne of emissions your business produces.
Both of these first two approaches apply the ‘polluter pays’ principle &#8211; meaning that the more emissions your organisation produces, the larger your obligation to fund climate action. Committing to one of these approaches therefore provides your business with a powerful financial incentive to reduce your emissions.

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<h3>Dollar-for-dollar</h3>
Dollar-for-dollar is the most flexible approach, but can also be the most difficult to implement. It ties your BVCM funding to your financial performance as a business, not to your organisational emissions. Examples could include spending 5% of your business’s annual profits on climate action, or 1% of your annual turnover. As your business grows, so does your funding toward climate action. 
As always, whichever approach you choose, it must be carried out alongside an emissions reduction plan &#8211; otherwise, it’s just greenwashing.
<h2>Which BVCM approach is best?</h2>
Which approach is ‘best’ is likely to depend on your business &#8211; what it does, which industry it is in, and how big it is. The highest impact approach in terms of funding mitigation is often the dollar-for-dollar approach, but this commitment may not be possible for your business &#8211; and it also may not be the highest impact approach, if your business is in a particular industry which has high emissions or small margins.
You can even mix approaches.

By definition, climate action that ‘counts’ towards BVCM are those that help to mitigate climate change, and that take place outside of the value chain.
The SBTi gives some examples: 
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Conservation projects, e.g., peatland or mangrove</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Energy efficiency, e.g., cookstove projects</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Methane destruction, e.g., landfill gas projects</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Renewable energy, e.g., solar/wind/biogas</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Industrial gases, e.g., N2O destruction at nitric acid facilities</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400;" aria-level="1">Carbon Removal technologies, e.g., Direct Air Capture (DAC) and Storage</li>
</ul>
Adapted from <a href="https://sciencebasedtargets.org/resources/files/Beyond-Value-Chain-Mitigation-FAQ.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">SBTi (2021)</a>
 
The examples given by the SBTi refer only to the types of projects which generate carbon credits.
 
However, at Ecologi, we encourage businesses to think beyond carbon credits as well. Landscape restoration, ocean conservation, rewilding, climate education, climate justice &#8211; investing in all of these should be considered when preparing a BVCM strategy, and all of them count.

What climate action can I fund?

<h2>What makes a strong portfolio?</h2>
For businesses it can be helpful to think of funding climate action  as a ‘portfolio’, like an investment portfolio. A strong portfolio will have:
<ul>
<li aria-level="1">Integrity. Select projects and initiatives that benefit climate, nature and people. 
</li>
<li aria-level="1">Diversity. Balance different projects and project types in order to both maximise impact and minimise risk. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="list-style-type: none;"></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li aria-level="1">Quality. Vet all your selected projects for the quality of their activities. All carbon credits <a href="https://ecologi.com/articles/blog/funding-carbon-credits" target="_blank" rel="noopener">must meet high quality standards</a>.</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li aria-level="1">Dynamism. Actively monitor the contributions of your business and be proactive with keeping those contributions up-to-date. </li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li aria-level="1">Innovation. Support new projects and initiatives within your portfolio. Don’t be afraid to move things around &#8211; if you find a project isn’t working out, exercise the flexibility and initiative to try something new.</li>
</ul>
In comparing your climate action portfolio to an investment portfolio, don’t expect it to deliver a financial return. It represents your business giving back &#8211; the ‘return’ is in impact for our planet helping to bring us forward to a more equitable, net-zero world. 
<h2>What might your BVCM portfolio look like?</h2>
Here’s an example of what a BVCM portfolio you could build with Ecologi might look like:

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As you can see, in this example there is a good variety of project types, and funding is provided in different amounts across the different types of projects. This allows you to prioritise project types and locations that matter most to your business.
Remember: <a href="https://sciencebasedtargets.org/blog/net-zero-urgent-beyond-value-chain-mitigation-is-essential" target="_blank" rel="noopener">funding BVCM is urgent and essential</a> whilst on your climate journey &#8211; but in building your BVCM portfolio, you should always consider where best to place your funds to produce the most impact. If you could spend some or all of your BVCM budget for this year on direct emissions reduction (for example, through installing solar panels) then you ought to prioritise that instead.
In this way, BVCM takes its place alongside your plans to reduce emissions directly, and should never displace them.
<h2>When should I start funding climate action?</h2>
The short answer is: start today. 
Funding climate action is not a get-out-of-jail-free card which excuses your business from reducing emissions. However, it can be the quickest and easiest way to get moving on your climate journey.
Moreover, BVCM represents an opportunity you can tackle in the immediate term, whilst you undertake longer-term strategies for directly reducing your emissions. Both components are essential, but they are likely to have different timescales for your business.
<h2>How can I fund climate action through Ecologi?</h2>
Your business can fund the very best climate solutions through our Impact Shop.
From tree planting to renewables, community-based and nature-based carbon avoidance projects and carbon removals including biochar, mangroves &amp; seagrass (blue carbon) and afforestation you can make an instant impact for our planet.
If you already know what you want to fund then visit our Impact Shop <a href="https://ecologi.com/business/impact-shop" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a>.
If you need to speak to our team to find the right solution for your business, get in touch below.

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What to expect at COP28

This year’s annual Conference of the Parties (COP28) is just around the corner, and at Ecologi we’re gearing up to bring you more analysis and reaction to developments as this 28th session of the parties to the UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) unfolds.
In this guide we’ll be covering:
<ul>
<li><a href="#whatiscop28">What is COP28</a></li>
<li><a href="#whereandwheniscop28">Where and when is COP28</a></li>
<li><a href="#keytalkingpoints">The key talking points in the run up to COP28</a></li>
<li><a href="#whoisattending">Who is attending COP28</a></li>
<li><a href="#whattoexpect">What to expect during COP28</a></li>
</ul>
This page will be our hub for all things COP &#8211; so whether you’re eager to learn about the climate conference process, or just want to know what’s happening, you can find it all here.

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<h2>COP28: what, where and when?</h2>
<a id="whatiscop28"></a>COP28 is the 28th <a href="https://unfccc.int/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC</a> &#8211; the UN’s primary climate change body. All United Nations member states are Parties to this treaty, as well as the European Union and other non-UN member states. That makes the COPs a huge event in the political calendar, where world leaders come together once per year to discuss, negotiate, and make commitments on climate change.
<a id="whereandwheniscop28"></a>This year’s COP takes place in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, from 30th November to 12th December 2023. The two-week conference will cover a number of crucial climate topics, including <a href="https://www.cop28.com/en/thematic-program" target="_blank" rel="noopener">climate finance, youth, agriculture, and more</a>.
We’ve previously covered events at <a href="https://ecologi.com/articles/blog/whats-happening-at-cop27" target="_blank" rel="noopener">COP27 in Sharm El Sheikh</a> and <a href="https://ecologi.com/articles/blog/what-happened-at-cop26" target="_blank" rel="noopener">COP26 in Glasgow</a>, so do revisit our articles on those if you need a refresher on how it all takes place.

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<h2><a id="keytalkingpoints"></a>What are the key talking points in the run up to COP28?</h2>
<h3>The hosts</h3>
As ever &#8211; or perhaps more than ever &#8211; this COP is mired in controversy before it’s even begun. As a nation, the host country, the UAE produces the <a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita?tab=chart&amp;country=ARE~GBR~CHN~AUS~USA" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sixth-most emissions per capita of any country</a> in the world (21.8 tCO2e per capita in 2021, excluding land use change). It is one of the world’s ten largest oil producing countries, with <a href="https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/united-arab-emirates-oil-and-gas" target="_blank" rel="noopener">around 30% of its economy</a> based on oil production. The COP President is Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-64240206" target="_blank" rel="noopener">who is CEO of ADNOC</a>, the Emirati state-owned oil company.
The UAE has also <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/aug/01/leak-uae-presidency-un-climate-summit-oil-gas-emissions-yemen" target="_blank" rel="noopener">been accused of attempting to whitewash</a> (and greenwash) its reputation ahead of the conference, including hiring a number of PR and lobbying agencies to promote the country’s image, which is often associated with strict restrictions on freedom, and <a href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/united-arab-emirates/report-united-arab-emirates/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">allegations of human rights violations</a>.
<h3>Fossil fuel phase-out</h3>
The ‘High-Ambition Coalition’, a loose group of around 15 Parties including France, the Marshall Islands, Sweden and the UK, has started preparing negotiations to phase out fossil fuels. This is notable because countries and multilateral groups are not always up-front about their negotiating stances prior to the conference, and even more seldom are those stances ambitious enough to meet the challenge of the climate crisis.
You may remember this was a key flashpoint back at COP26, where at the last minute the language of phasing out fossil fuels <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/nov/13/cop26-countries-agree-to-accept-imperfect-climate-agreement" target="_blank" rel="noopener">was disappointingly changed to phase down “inefficient fossil fuel subsidies&#8221;</a> in the final cover decision.
Whether the High Ambition Coalition can maintain this phase out stance throughout two weeks of negotiations remains to be seen. What is certain is that this issue has become the most glaring elephant in the room for the international climate conferences: we all understand that <a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1126931" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the burning of fossil fuels must end</a>. But the politics of the COPs has so far meant that a commitment (even a non-binding one) to end fossil fuel use for good has still not been delivered.
<h3><a id="whoisattending"></a>Who’s going (and who’s not)</h3>
In a first, Pope Francis <a href="https://www.wsj.com/world/pope-francis-to-attend-cop28-climate-change-conference-in-dubai-16c50cd5" target="_blank" rel="noopener">has announced</a> he will be attending COP28 this year, making him the first Pope to do so. He and the Vatican have been happy to speak out on climate change in recent years, including vocally backing the Paris Agreement and <a href="https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/donald-trump-pope-francis-slap-face-paris-agreement-climate-change-vatican-global-warming-a7767751.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">criticising the US for withdrawing from it</a> under Donald Trump in 2020 (the US rejoined the Agreement under Joe Biden in 2021).
Biden himself will <a href="https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/cop/biden-unlikely-attend-dubai-cop-climate-meeting-sources-say-2023-10-31" target="_blank" rel="noopener">reportedly not be in attendance</a> this year, though he did attend COP 27 last year, and his administration is known for changing the President’s plans to make appearances last-minute. 
During his speech a few weeks ago where he announced the slackening of some of the UK’s climate commitments, <a href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-66871073" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the Prime Minister Rishi Sunak announced</a> that he would be attending COP28. In addition, we now know that King Charles will also be attending, and <a href="https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2023-11-01/the-king-will-attend-cop28-uae-0" target="_blank" rel="noopener">delivering an opening address on 1st December</a>. The King has been very vocal about environmental issues over the years, including <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xV9n0LM63Bc&amp;t=12s" target="_blank" rel="noopener">taking part in our very own virtual festival of climate action</a> back in 2020.

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<h2><a id="whattoexpect"></a>What to expect during the COP</h2>
As is always the case, we can expect lots of talking points, controversies, and politicking to take place throughout the two weeks of the COP. 
Because of the fact that the conference host and key organising figures are so heavily associated with the fossil fuel industry, it seems unlikely that this COP will deliver much in the way of substantive commitments on reducing fossil fuel use. We can probably expect a lot of high-profile speeches and announcements early on, with the legal and policy commitments then steadily being watered-down over the two weeks.
There are other factors too, like a recent history of disappointment from the COPs, which so far have failed to halt annual increases in emissions &#8211; let alone begin reducing them. In the UK, with the conference being later than usual and finishing only two weeks before Christmas, we can probably expect relatively little cut-through into television and news media.
Throughout the conference, we’ll be bringing you regular updates as we follow along with the negotiations and announcements.

<h2>Partner with us for COP28 and beyond</h2>
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If your business is interested in a brand partnership to help scale climate action or starting its climate journey during COP28 or beyond, get in touch 🌍

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